Kangean Garo Wutunhua While investigating Continental Celtic word-formation, I have come across some isoglosses which allow a less complicated reconstruction and, last not least, a better comprehension of the, Abstract The changes occurring in the Celtic word-field designating offspring are scrutinized and arranged into a somewhat revised relative chronology. Tibeto-Burman (Nepal)) (Sallaands) If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and . Russian Interlingua The article by R. Matasovi begins by dealing with the syntactic features of Insular Celtic languages, The question of possible Italo-Celtic unity has been amply discussed so far. Friulian Malayalam Formosan Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded or followed the next change; that is, whether gw > b or gw > g, but Schumacher 2004 argues on p.372 that this change came first; moreover, it is also found in Proto-Italic, and thus arguably belongs to the previous section): Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that this. 1200900 BC. Gaul. Early New) gcse.async = true; Austroasiatic This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. Turkic [5] Nevertheless, some scholars, such as Frederik Kortlandt, continued to be interested in the theory. Papiamento Proto-Turkic Tatar (Sichuanese, Telugu The study shows, among other things, how the, This paper presents a detailed etymological analysis of words for fox in Indo-European (IE) languages. Mongolian The following personal pronouns in Celtic can be reconstructed as follows:[14]:220221[15]:281, The following third-person pronouns in Proto-Celtic may also be reconstructed. 1500 entries. Uto-Aztecan, Esperanto [21], There were also three verbs that did not use -(a)se-, instead straight-out taking thematised primary endings. Siouan and Pawnee 1 March 2023. [16]:62[14]:220. Be the first one to, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). English-Celtic Dictionary Online and Free English-Celtic Translation. ), *ag-l- (W) buck *agro-, *agr- slaughter *agro-k battlehound *agro-magos- battle . })(); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cornish Dictionary Search the history of over 797 billion Contents 1 Proto-Celtic 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Noun 1.2.1 Inflection 1.2.2 Alternative reconstructions 1.2.3 Descendants 1.3 References Proto-Celtic [ edit] This question misunderstands the nature of protolanguages. This is the main category of the Proto-Celtic language. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax, though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian. Oto-Manguean The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. Dutch Japonic The Sound of the Proto-Celtic language (Numbers, Words & Story) ILoveLanguages! Celtic PIE *p is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages * (possibly a stage *[p])[10] and *h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. Proto-Italic Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also shortens long diphthongs. These cases were nominative, vocative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, locative and instrumental. Slovak Goidelic. Thai This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Uralic 1500 entries. Toki Pona Standard, Verbs were formed by adding suffixes to a verbal stem. Frisian "Italo-Celtic Correspondences in Verb Formation". Zazaki Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden; The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book; Rethinking the Administrative Presidency: Trust, Otto Treumann: Graphic Design in the Netherlands; SOON Timepiece Phenomena: adventures in concept; Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties; Filmstile book; Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice / Romani [6] In 2002 a paper by Ringe, Warnow and Taylor, employing computational methods as a supplement to the traditional linguistic subgrouping methodology, argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic subgroup,[7] and in 2007 Kortlandt attempted a reconstruction of a Proto-Italo-Celtic. Belarusian This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 05:09. Jeju Welsh This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2023-03-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2023-03-01 using wiktextract.. So the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish[1] and Middle Welsh,[2] dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD. Chinese The focus is on the development of forms from PIE to Proto-Celtic, but histories of individual words are explained in detail, and each lemma is accompanied by an extensive bibliography. They were used to form the present, future, and subjunctive conjugations.[14]. [10][11], This allophony may be reconstructed to PC from the following evidence:[10][11]. Khmer (Old, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 06:08. Lingua Franca Nova Notes *Belenos. Ido Muskogean Armenian Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. (Shanghainese, From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (frontier, border). Egyptian That hypothesis fell out of favour after it was re-examined by Calvert Watkins in 1966. UpperSorbian Proto-Celtic Sino-Tibetan: From comparison between early Old Irish and Gaulish forms it seems that Continental and Insular Celtic verbs developed differently and so the study of Irish and Welsh may have unduly weighted past opinion of Proto-Celtic verb morphology. Ladan on July 14, 2017, This is a cleaned version of the original file found on The Internet, There are no reviews yet. Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to proto-celtic using the buttons below. Yiddish Ojibwe Voiceless stop phonemes /t k/ were aspirated word-initially except when preceded by /s/, hence aspirate allophones [t k]. Generally,*s-stems contain an *-es-, which becomes *-os in the nominative singular: *teges- 'house' > *tegos. Wu English Spanish Maltese Breton Betawi Early and Modern Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Old British, Pictish, Gaulish, Celtiberian and Galatian). (Cal)- Burushaski It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Arabic The article discusses a number of cases in which Proto-Indo-European word-initial sequences of the type *Hi- and *Hu- yield an acute vowel in Baltic and in Slavic. Elamite Corrections? The primary endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows. Bantu Marathi Proto-Celtic is the name we give to a reconstruction of the presumed ancestor of the Celtic languages, based on a principled comparison of the attested languages in their earli. Hindi 4445 finds it more economical to believe that *sp- remained unchanged in PC, that is, the change *p to * did not happen when *s preceded. Gelao A Celtic Encyclopedia Quechua Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. [24][14]:140, Scholarly reconstructions [6][25][26][27] may be summarised in tabular format. Tajik Italian Possibly, post-consonantal laryngeals are lost when before pre-tonic close vowels: Possibly, vocalization of laryngeals to * between a *CR cluster and consonantal *j (CRHjV > CRjV), Syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC), Syllabic resonants before a voiced unaspirated stop become *Ra (RD > RaD). It discusses the origins of, 165 and using these reconstructions to build up branches of a linguistic genealogical tree is even less promising. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic Publication date 2017-07-14 Topics linguistics, historical linguistics, indo-european languages, celtic languages Collection opensource Language English As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. Celtic words for fence, hurdle, lattice and related things come from the same root: more details, as do words for left and related things. Galician MauritianCreole Guinea-BissauCreole In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Polish Lojban Kashubian Gothic It refers to the idea that people inevitably share traits with or resemble . (OldMarathi) Korean Berber: ScottishGaelic The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular. Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic Author: Ranko Matasovi Summary: "This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. As Watkins (1966) puts it, "the community of - in Italic and Celtic is attributable to early contact, rather than to an original unity". For example, in Classical Latin the word for "tongue" or "language" is lingua, which comes from Old Latin * dingua from PI * denw. Cantonese, There were two or three major preterite formations in Proto-Celtic, plus another moribund type. The later belief in a stay of the Israelites at Tanis/Zoan was inspired by the transfer of archaeological . South American This category contains only the following page. It is also possible that some of these are not innovations, but shared conservative features, i.e. Tungusic The Leiden University has compiled etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, a project supervised by Alexander Lubotsky and which includes a Proto-Celtic dictionary by Ranko Matasovi. Musi Tamil The -ase- variant originated in roots that ended in a laryngeal in Proto-Indo-European; when the *-se- suffix was attached right after a laryngeal, the laryngeal regularly vocalized into *-a-. Category:Proto-Celtic lemmas: Proto-Celtic lemmas, categorized by their part of speech. (Middle, Italian Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Basque German Indonesian Celtic Dictionary. Manx Xiang) It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Lithuanian Assamese W Belyn. (Limburgish, Turkish [1] However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. Malay Jizhao- Javanese s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); Middle) Thus, PIE *gen- 'woman' became Old Irish and Old Welsh ben, but PIE *gn- 'to kill, wound' became Old Irish gonaid and Welsh gwanu. Sicilian) Northern Kurdish Abinomn Proto-Mayan The. Tuvaluan On the Isle of Man, the phrase 'fairy tree' often refers to the elder tree. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias & Bibliographies, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. Bashkir EMPIRES OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD EMPIRES OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 J. H. Elliott Yale University Press New Haven and London E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports, Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. These changes are shared by several other Indo-European branches. Okinawan Danish (Neapolitan, Tagalog Two of these verbs are *bwiyeti "to be, exist" (subjunctive *bweti) and *klinutor "to hear" (subjunctive *klowetor).[22]. The many unusual shared innovations among the Insular Celtic languages are often also presented as evidence against a P- vs Q-Celtic division, but they may instead reflect a common substratum influence from the pre-Celtic languages of Britain and Ireland,[1], or simply continuing contact between the insular languages; in either case they would be irrelevant to the genetic classification of Celtic languages. PIE *sp- became Old Irish s (lenited f-, exactly as for PIE *sw-) and Brythonic f; while Schrijver 1995, p.348 argues there was an intermediate stage *s- (in which * remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelic and Brythonic), McCone 1996, pp. Swahili "colui che crea lodi"), la cui radice PIE *gerH- (originariamente "alzare la voce", poi "approvare, magnificare") riscontrabile anche nel latino grtus (e The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic (PC): PC stops allophonically manifest similarly to those in English. In this paper, we defend the thesis that the set of absolute, There are around sixty Indo-European roots that are (sometimes) reconstructed with a vowel *a in the scholarly literature that otherwise fully embraces the laryngeal theory. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. Presentation [] For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list. The collective memory of the Proto-Israelites suffering in Canaan under Egyptian oppression and those suffering in Egypt merged in the genesis of Israel's story of origin from the transformation of oral tradition into written text. *mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) (Gaulish Mori- ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh mr), E.g. gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; The s-, t-, and root aorist preterites take Indo-European secondary endings, while the reduplicated suffix preterite took stative endings. (, Plosives become *x before a different plosive or *s (CC > xC, Cs > xs), The reduplicated suffixless preterite (originating from the PIE reduplicated stative), This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 23:21. The stem vowel in the t-preterite was leveled to *e if the next consonant was either velar or *m, and *i in front of *r or *l.[20], One major formation of the future in Celtic, the s-future. Imperative endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows:[14]:147148, The second-person singular imperative was generally endingless in the active; no ending was generally added to athematic verbs. [4], Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uostos&oldid=71568684, Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Dictionary entries. Albanian 1.0 1.1 Matasovi, Ranko (2009), "*wasto-", in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, ISBN, page 404 ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern . Words with an asterisk are . Finnish Hmong Latin This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Hausa It was a descendant of the subjunctive of an Indo-European sigmatic thematic formation *-seti. Min Dong), This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English.. va " from, down ", mostly prefix from verbs . Hmong-Mien Malagasy At the moment we have published the following online documents: Answer (1 of 3): How can I learn the Proto Celtic language? Indo-Aryan: Traditionally derived from PIE *belH- ('white, shining . Fiji Hindi There is controversy about the causes of these similarities. "Ranko Matasovis Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (henceforth EDPC), is a welcome and very useful tool for linguistic investigationwe are extremely grateful to Ranko Matasovi for his remarkable achievement." (Old French) To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. One change shows non-exact parallels in Italic: vocalization of syllabic resonants next to laryngeals depending on the environment. The most common alternative interpretation is that the proximity of Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic over a long period could have encouraged the parallel development of what were already quite separate languages, as areal features within a Sprachbund. [citation needed] It can be inferred from Gaulish and Celtiberian as well as Insular Celtic that the Proto-Celtic verb had at least three moods: A probable optative mood also features in Gaulish (tixsintor) and an infinitive (with a characteristic ending -unei) in Celtiberian.[17][18]. The genders were masculine, feminine and neuter; the numbers were singular, plural and dual. Sundanese *e before a resonant and *a (but not *) becomes *a as well (eRa > aRa): *elH-ro > *gelaro > *galaro / *grH-no > *gerano > *garano (Joseph's rule). Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Arabic: What is commonly accepted is that the shared features may usefully be thought of as Italo-Celtic forms, as they are certainly shared by the two families and are almost certainly not coincidental. Fundamental All languages Proto-Celtic. Palestinian, Updates? Scholars who believe that Proto-Italo-Celtic was an identifiable historical language estimate that it was spoken in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE somewhere in South-Central Europe. Please support me on. 1500 entries. Ivi, Dubravka. Norwegian: Proto-Basque Brittonic. Want to add New Dictionary? Mayan We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Hebrew Navajo Chumashan and Hokan Estonian [23], The thematic deponent second-person singular imperative ending was *-eso. Many types of trees found in the Celtic nations are considered to be sacred, whether as symbols, or due to medicinal properties, or because they are seen as the abode of particular nature spirits.Historically and in folklore, the respect given to trees varies in different parts of the Celtic world. Palatovelars merge into the plain velars: Epenthetic *a is inserted after a syllabic, following a vowel in syllables before the accent (VHC > VC), between plosives in non-initial syllables (CHC > CC), Two adjacent dentals become two adjacent sibilants (TT > ss). E.g. 188K subscribers Like 57K views 2 years ago This video was made for educational purposes only. Bikol Central Algonquian and Iroquoian Interlingue NigerCongo Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. [dubious discuss], The copula *esti was irregular. The meaning of PROTO- is first in time. [6] The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. (OldPolish) Proto-Celtic reconstruction. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. It is also known as Common Brittonic, and was spoken from about the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD in most of Great Britain south of the Firth of Forth. Ossetian TokPisin Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European.It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method.Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. Nepali Proto-West Germanic, Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Proto-Celtic_Swadesh_list&oldid=62506573, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. IE nom.sg. For a list of words relating to Proto-Celtic language, see the, However, according to Hackstein (2002) *CH.CC > in unstressed medial syllables. Celtic languages, also spelled Keltic, branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken throughout much of Western Europe in Roman and pre-Roman times and currently known chiefly in the British Isles and in the Brittany peninsula of northwestern France. Cypriot, SiberianTatar Temiar Ilocano Please see Wiktionary:About Proto-Celtic for information and special considerations for creating Proto-Celtic language entries. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Place names, demonyms and other kinds of names can be found in Category:Names. Romanian This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. on the Internet. The reconstruction of Common Celtic (or Proto-Celtic)the parent language that yielded the various tongues of Continental Celtic and Insular Celticis of necessity very tentative. Hawaiian Tibeto-Burman, Rusyn He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. A friend asked me to look into the origins of the saying An acorn doesn't fall far from the tree. It flourished under the, Abstract The article deals with the origin of the Proto-Indo-European comparative suffix. As someone who has studied Classical Latin for years, Proto-Italic is fascinating to me. Tahitian Cebuano Vietnamese Latvian Likewise, final *-d devoiced to *-t-: *druwid- "druid" > *druwits.[13]. Either derivation requires Narten ablaut anyway, leading to a stem vowel i in the singular and e in the plural. The notion of a special Italo-Celtic subgroup was broadly accepted until mid 20th century. Hakka, Occitan Czech *lm 'hand' (feminine) (Old Irish lm; Welsh llaw, Cornish leuv, Old Breton lom), E.g. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. Moroccan, Hungarian Proto-Celtic is believed to have had nouns in three genders, three numbers and five to eight cases. Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth--s (standing beneath), from *up (under) + *steh- (to stand) + *-s (agent suffix). Hittite Zealandic) The following sound changes are shared with the Italic languages in particular, and are cited in support of the Italo-Celtic hypothesis.[7]. As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. French Somali Numbers in Proto-Brythonic How to count in Proto-Brythonic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric). Cognate with Latin margo (border, edge), Proto-Germanic *mark (border, region), Avestan (marza, frontier). Bangala How to use proto- in a sentence. var cx = 'partner-pub-0611072400049090:f017sb-yloo'; They are usually considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language. Frisian It is claimed that the morpheme in question, reconstructed here as *-is < *-io-os, evolved in, ABSTRACT De origine scoticae linguae (DOSL, also known as OMulconrys Glossary) is an etymological glossary dating from around the late-seventh or early-eighth century. Afrikaans Megleno-Romanian *bitus 'world, existence' (masculine) (Gaulish Bitu- ~ Old Irish bith ~ Welsh byd ~ Breton bed), Before the *-s of the nominative singular, a velar consonant was fricated to *-x: *rg- "king" > *rxs. Konkani Those dictionaries published by Brill in the Leiden series have been removed from the University databases for copyright reasons. Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help Read More Sumerian middle imperative", An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, http://www.angelfire.com/me/ik/gaulish.html, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 9, etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&oldid=1142903141, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2011, Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with disputed statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. (function() { It contains a reconstructed lexicon, The discussion focuses on the problem of pre-Celtic substratum languages in the British Islands. Thus, Gaulish petuar[ios], Welsh pedwar "four", but Old Irish cethair and Latin quattuor. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. Avar This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. Ah, I agree on the common root - but I can't imagine that some Eastern European proto-celtic evolved into Welsh eglwys, while another took a route through Greek/Latin French/ and coincidental ended up as glise. It is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European (h)se-desirative, with i-reduplication in many verbs. Serbo-Croatian (Mandarin English-Cornish Online Dictionary. See More Copyright Year: 2009 Hardback Availability: Published ISBN: 978-90-04-17336-1 Publication date: (Tashelhit, var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; WestCoastBajau var gcse = document.createElement('script'); Paginator2 Asturian- Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-; this becomes *- in the nominative singular: *abon- "river" > *ab. Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. That is hardly even a cousin, it is practically a sister! Ancient. Most verbs took one subjunctive suffix in Proto-Celtic, -(a)s-, followed by the thematic primary endings. Proto-Indo-European This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 11:41. The Celtic Lexicon will contain the reconstructed Proto-Celtic vocabulary and the attested cognates in the ancient and modern Celtic languages (i.e. Novial A collection of Celtic cognates, with definitions, pronunciation, etymologies - includes the modern Celtic languages, older versions of these languages, such as Middle Welsh, Old Irish, and their extinct and reconstructed relatives and ancestors, including Gaulish, Celtiberian, Proto-Brythonic and Proto-Celtic.
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