Whilst their presence was never acknowledged by the USSR or any of her successor nations, Soviet involvement was an open secret. "Linc" Case was initially portrayed as an angry, embittered man, not only because of his harrowing wartime experiences (which included being taken prisoner and escaping a POW camp) but also because of his grim childhood and continuing estrangement from much of his family. The reflection can lead either to more pain, or to new growth. VA has long been a leader in helping Veterans with amputations regain mobility and achieve a maximum amount of independence. Women make up a growing share of veterans. In the period 19661969, the U.S. military provided 225 million tablets of stimulants, mostly dextroamphetamine, according to a 1971 report by the Select Committee on Crime of the U.S. House of Representatives. At any time during the Vietnam conflict, there were 37 million males aged 18 through 35. 817 East Via CarmelitosVirginia Building 319 Comparisons of estimates in the report have taken sampling error into account and are significant at the 90% confidence level or higher, unless otherwise noted. It is the most comprehensive study to date of the mental and physical health of women Vietnam-era Veterans. A study of 300 Vietnam Veterans finds that prevention, rather than management, of hypertension may be vital to preserving brain health in aging. Based on data through September 30, 2020, VetPop2020 provides a projection of the Veteran population at each fiscal year end from 2020 to 2050. He didn't make it overseas before the war ended. The poor functional status of aging combat-exposed Veterans is of particular concern. Based on data through September 30, 2020, VetPop2020 provides a projection of the Veteran population at each fiscal year end from 2020 to 2050. Who is the oldest person alive 2021? Public Information Office (15624224100.com) ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The second-largest cohort of living veterans served during peacetime only (4.0 million). Vietnam era and Vietnam combat Veterans among the homeless. Vietnam Veterans represent the largest cohort of American Veterans in terms of service era. Im am very glad that our Vietnam Veterans are finally receiving some justice in the way of disability benefits 5 Decades after being denied for 45 years . In addition, PTSD was associated with increased mortality due to cancer and external causes of death. A report in 1999 shows Australian Vietnam Veterans life expectancy at 56 years. Referred to as the first "pharmacological war" in history, the U.S. war in Vietnam was so called because of the unprecedented level of psychoactive drugs that U.S. servicemen used. The online research project that includes the 2,709,918 Vietnam veterans officially listed by the Department of Defense [*] is available here where veterans whose Vietnam service is indicated as confirmed or unconfirmed: VETERANS REGISTRY APPLICATION More than 3.4 million deployed to Southeast Asia (1) and approximately 2.7 million of those served in the Republic of Vietnam (2). Official websites use .gov Hypertension-related alterations in white matter microstructure detectable in middle age. Enjoy today's Memorial Day and please take time to "Remember". This held true even after the researchers accounted for demographic factors such as sex and ethnicity. 2,458 4. The team found 11 percent of Veterans reported elevated rates of depression, compared with 12.8 percent of non-Veterans. According to the Department of Veterans Affairs, approximately 7.2 million are living today. Browse our topics and subtopics to find information and data. The non-twin groups were added to the registry in the late 1990s, as part of a set of family studies. Since 2008, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_veteran&oldid=1133180079. have hearing loss, VA plans, budget, finances, and performance. In a material sense also, veterans benefits for Vietnam-era veterans were dramatically less than those enjoyed after World War II. Today, National Vietnam War Veterans Day honors everyone who served on active duty in the U.S. military from Nov. 1, 1955, to May 15, 1975, the Vietnam War Commemoration says on its website. The number of Vietnam veteran deaths has almost doubled since 2001 and, according Department of Veterans Affairs' projections, will hit 103,890 this year -- approaching 300 a day. The American War Library (amervets.com) Throughout the Vietnam War, South Korea sent approximately 320,000 servicemen to Vietnam. 4. 2014 Jun 6:1-8. VA estimates for 2021 indicate there are 5.9 million American veterans who served during the Vietnam era and 7.8 million who served in the Gulf War era, which spans from August 1990 through the present. How many REAL Vietnam vets are alive today? Over 153,000 of the wounded required hospitalization and another 150,000 suffered other injuries (1). The Soviet Union's policy on the units deployed was to label them "military consultants. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Davison EH, Kaiser AP, Spiro A 3rd, Moye J, King LA, King DW. When a Veteran mentioned he had only been out of the house three or four times in four years, his occupational therapy team sprung into action. According to the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, 2,646 Americans went missing in action. From late-onset stress symptomology to later-adulthood trauma reengagement in aging combat Veterans: taking a broader view. The team left Vietnam in 1969. In the early days, most Vet Center staffers were Vietnam veterans themselves, many of them combat veterans. The Congressional Budget Office compared the income of male Vietnam veterans with the income of male nonveterans the same ages. Ways older Veterans confront wartime memoriesA 2015 study led by researchers with VA's National Center for PTSD looked at aging Veterans who grapple with their war traumas only later in life. In many films, like Gordon's War (1973) and Rolling Thunder (1977), the veteran uses his combat skills developed in Vietnam to wage war on evil-doers in America. Approximately 2.7 million American men and women served in Vietnam. Is there any talk going on anymore about this? But a review of the existing research did not support a previously held belief that spina bifida occurs in the offspring of exposed Veterans at higher rates. At this rate there will be only a few of us alive in 2015. He served in the Army, the Army Air Forces, and he was there for the beginning of the U.S. Air Force. Many of them are Veterans themselves. Reiber GE, McFarland LV, Hubbard S, Maynard C, Blough DK, Gambel JM, Smith DG. More than three-quarters of Post-9/11 and Gulf War veterans had at least some college experience, and more than one-third of Gulf War veterans had a college degree. "[15][16] This deployment resulted in the development of the North Vietnamese air force, then it was formed against the United States' involvement in the war. 301-763-3030 Access demographic, economic and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The last of the Thai troops left Vietnam in April 1972, with 351 killed and 1,358 wounded. The non-combat force included an engineer construction battalion, medical and rural community development teams, a security battalion, and a logistics and headquarters element. The ACS is conducted in every county throughout the nation. Through reminiscence, life review, and wrestling with issues such as integrity versus despair, they intentionally re-engage with experiences they avoided or managed successfully earlier in their lives. Over 1,600 New Zealand soldiers saw action in these companies, over 5 years and 9 tours. Australian Army training teams followed the withdrawal of combat forces in 1971. Let's take a look at some of the youngest surviving Vietnam war veterans. 12 Sponsored by The NDE OBE Research Project Another finding of the NVVLS, also published in 2015, is that among male Vietnam Veterans who served in the Vietnam War, those who had PTSD related to their combat service were nearly twice as likely to die in the 25 years between the NVVRS and NVVLS studies, compared with those who did not have PTSD. An example in print is Marvel Comics' the Punisher, also known as Frank Castle. 37 were killed and 187 were wounded. There are 22,658,000 veterans in america today, just 8 percent of which are female. The same was true for Veterans who saw combat, compared with those who did not. Of this group approximately. McEvoy LK, Fennema-Notestine C, Eyler LT, Franz CE, Hagler DJ Jr, Lyons MJ, Panizzon MS, Rinker DA, Dale AM, Kremen WS. Over 100 veterans, most of them World War II as well as veterans of the Korean and Vietnam wars, marched to demand an accounting of the American veterans in South East Asia on January 24, 1982. They are predominantly male (91.6 percent), though the number of female veterans is on the rise. And approximately 164,000 Americans who served at sea in Vietnam waters are alive today. By 1996, an estimated 50,000 to 60,000 U.S. veterans had sought medical evaluation for the syndrome from doctors in the military or Department of Veterans Affairs. Some online estimates suggest that the number is much more stark: Only one-third of. The initial physical examination and surveying of AFHS subjects was conducted in 1982, and subsequent cycles were conducted in 1985, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002. Rosenheck R, Gallup P, and Leda CA. "[2], In the United States, the term "Vietnam veteran" is not typically used in relation to members of the People's Army of Vietnam or the Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front) due to the United States' alliance with South Vietnamese forces.[3]. JAMA Psychiatry. The emotional burden of killing in war, VA Research Currents, Fall 2013, Heart-mind mystery: Unraveling the link between PTSD and heart disease, VA Research Currents, Feb. 28, 2014, Vietnam Veterans to take part in nationwide Alzheimer's study, VA Research Quarterly Update, Summer 2014, Study: Depression, anxiety rates roughly equal among older Vets, non-Vets, VA Research Currents, Oct. 8, 2014, Brain damage from high blood pressure starts early, VA Research Currents, July 23, 2015, Insights on the evolution of PTSD, VA Research Quarterly Update, Winter 2016. The risk was also higher among men with the lightest skin types and lighter eyes. Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship.Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a . #HistoryC. That social division has expressed itself by the lack both of public and institutional support for the former servicemen that would be expected by returning combatants of most conflicts in most nations. In 2019, approximately 3.4 million Vietnam War Veterans were enrolled for Veterans Health Administration services (12). The study also provided an extensive report of disabilities related to Vietnam service, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The exam is cost-free to Veterans and does not require enrollment in VA health care or VA benefit programs. Bob Hesselbein spent 681 hours flying AH-1 Cobra gunships over Vietnam in 1972. Over 8.7 million Americans served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era from 1964 to 1973 (1). Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Josip Krul (December 10, 1911 - Present) Josip Krul is currently the oldest living person in Croatia, but he is an American World War II veteran. About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war. This theme had occasionally been explored in the context of World War Two in such films as The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) and The Men (1950). Jorge Otero Barreto. They are dying quicklyaccording to US Department of Veterans Affairs statistics, 167,284 of the 16 million Americans who served in World War II are alive in 2022. It revises and replaces the estimate and projection in VetPop2018. Exaggerated activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive interference: a monozygotic twin study of posttraumatic stress disorder. In some cases, however, anxiety continues for a long period and may worsen over time, with symptoms such as nightmares, racing pulse, and overreactions. Jan 09, 2010 #5. Investigators have carried out many studies of this kind, focusing on Vietnam Veterans' health and well-being. According to the research team, the prevalence of PTSD for women who served in Vietnam was higher than previously documented, and Vietnam service significantly increased the chances of developing PTSD relative to service in the United States. Physical health conditions among a population-based cohort of Vietnam-era women Veterans: Agreement between self-report and medical records. American forces were unable to retaliate against Chinese targets, as it was believed that by doing so, America would escalate the already strained effects of the Cold War, and believed it would invite retaliation by the Soviet Union. Prepared by the VAOffice of Enterprise Integration,Office of Data Governance and Analytics,National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, in conjunction with theVA History Office. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. military used more than 19 million gallons of various herbicides for defoliation and crop destruction in the Republic of Vietnam. Note: Visit USA.gov, This will take you to the MyHealtheVet website, This will take you to the Suicide Prevention website, This will take you to the VA Find a Form page, This will take you to the VA Publications page, Vietnam War Veterans, and honoring all who served: Memorial Day 2021, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, Veteran Population Projection Model, 2018, The United States Veterans Eligibility Trends and Statistics (USVETS), Therapy staff arranges concert ticket for stroke victim, VA releases dashboard to measure the PACT Acts impact on Veterans and survivors, Emergence delirium: Potentially dangerous condition when a patient awakens from a procedure, Call TTY if you They founded one of the first local organisations by and for Vietnam veterans in 1981, now known as Veterans Village. A tune John Fogarty wrote in 1971 echoes among veterans who spent time in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Lyrics reference a calm before a storm that's "been comin' for some time." For many the turbulence continued long after departing Southeast Asia. The researchers compared treatment outcomes for prolonged exposure therapy (one of the two main evidence-based psychotherapies used by VA clinicians for the disorder) among 112 Veterans of the Vietnam War, the first Persian Gulf War, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The data are available from IOM, and can be used for research studies not only on Agent Orange, but also on the long-term health of Veterans, other effects of Vietnam service, the health impacts of aging, and disease-related biomarkers. Kilbourne AM, Schumacher K, Frayne SM, Cypel Y, Barbaresso MM, Nord KM, Perzhinsky J, Lai Z, Prenovost K, Spiro A, Gleason TC, Kimerling R, Huang GD, Serpi TB, Magruder KM. them are Veterans themselves. June 7,2022 VA released VetPop 2020 which is VA's new official estimate and projection of the Veteran population. March 29 is a fitting choice for a day honoring Vietnam veterans. They participate in the removal of unexplored mines and bombs, help people affected by Agent Orange, teach English to the Vietnamese and conduct Vietnam War battlefield tours for tourists. Let's start by identifying who our veterans are and where they live. It included those who served in Vietnam, those who served in countries near Vietnam, and those who served primarily in the United States. Follow these links for detailed information, eligibility criteria and application instructions. More than 5 million veterans have at least one disability, 1.2 million live in poverty, and 77% of veterans aged 18 to 64 are employed or looking for work. Qual Life Res. My brother-in-law (a highly decorated Air Force Chief from Operation Shock and Awe) sends me things all of the time. However, advocates ignore the many successful and well-adjusted Vietnam veterans who have played important roles in America since the end of the Vietnam War such as Jim Nicholson (former Secretary of Veterans Affairs and U.S. To find closure, thousands of former American soldiers have visited and some have decided to move permanently to Vietnam to confront the psychological and physical remnants of the Vietnam War. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. From late-onset stress symptomology to later-adulthood trauma reengagement in aging combat Veterans: taking a broader view. The data for Hispanic participation is uncertain because the Department of Defense categorized Hispanics as Caucasians, but the number is believed to be around 80,000 (9). A number of research projects are designed to evaluate new prosthetic devices, and to improve clinical care. Thomas Magnum of Magnum, P.I., Stringfellow Hawke of Airwolf, and the characters of The A-Team were characters whose experiences in Vietnam were more frequently worked into plot lines. The ACS 5-year data are released for all geographic areas. Mental Health 2013 (40 or more years after wartime service) Among Theater Veterans, 7% of females and 11% of males still had PTSD. Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. Veterans with qualifying Vietnam service, and service in the Korean demilitarized zone, are presumed to have been exposed to Agent Orange. The median age of veterans in 2018 was 65. President Harry S. Truman ordered the U.S. Armed Forces to end the practice of segregation in 1948. Prolonged exposure therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: comparing outcomes for veterans of different wars. New Zealand and Australian combat forces were withdrawn in 1971. Hypertension-related alterations in white matter microstructure detectable in middle age. Among veterans who had a service-connected disability, Post-9/11 veterans had a 39% chance of having a disability rating of 70% or more significantly higher than for veterans from other periods. Kristina Barrett There seems to be a lot of talk about doing something about the large volume of OTH discharges. Lastly, all Vietnam War operations were declassified in 1993 by US President William Jefferson Clinton, who with USSR President Boris Yeltsin, publicly agreed in signed documents to de-classfy ALL military operations conducted by both countries dating back to WW1 for the specific purpose of accounting for an individual's war service or MIA/POW status! In . Other illnesses VA recognizes as presumptively service-connected for exposure to herbicide during the Vietnam War can be found here. In Daviess County, there is no shortage of Vietnam veterans who are either suffering or dying from exposure to the herbicide. Other New Zealanders from various branches of service were stationed at 1 ALSG in Vung Tau and New Zealand V Force Headquarters in Saigon. A later public law instructed VA to work with IOM to make the AFHS assets available to scientific investigators for peer-reviewed pilot studies and other research. They were part of an early 1980s tendency to rehabilitate the image of the Vietnam vet in the public eye. VA established qualification for benefits related to Agent Orange exposure for some Veterans due to this report. If you are a Veteran in crisis or concerned about one, connect with our caring, qualified responders for confidential help. A total of 262 service members from the Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force received the nations highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor (4). All subjects were diagnosed with PTSD and enrolled in prolonged exposure treatment. The largest cohort of veterans alive in 2018 served during the Vietnam Era (6.4 million), which lasted from 1964 to 1975. The reports are derived by geocoding beneficiaries to local government area boundaries - that is, determining their exact geographical location. Many Vietnam veterans suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in unprecedented numbers, with PTSD affecting as many as 15.2% of Vietnam veterans. On the other hand, many scientists say that if an effect has not been measured in the lab, it doesn't exist. Finally, 7,500 women were also stationed in Vietnam during the war (10). The decision was based on an analysis of findings from the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) 2008 report, "Veterans and Agent Orange." VA contracted with an external entity, the Research Triangle Institute, to conduct the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS). In addition, assessments of Vietnam Veterans over time are providing new and unique information on the long-term trajectory of mental and behavioral health conditions following exposure to combat. [12] Units included the elite Queen's Cobras and the renowned Black Panther Division of the Royal Thai Army Volunteer Force. We were mostly shuffled along the discharge route without much information on our way. 2014 Jun;23(5):1579-91. Even when counting both Gulf War periods together, like is . They found, in 2012, that Veterans from all three groups showed significant improvement in their PTSD symptoms, although Persian Gulf Veterans did not respond to treatment at the same rate or to the same degree as Vietnam Veterans or Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans. Australia deployed approximately three battalions of infantry, one regiment of Centurion tanks, three RAAF Squadrons (2SQN Canberra Bombers, 9SQN Iroquois Helicopters, and 35 SQN Caribou Transports), 2 batteries of Royal Australian Artillery and a Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) Squadron. A total of 37 escaped from captivity and another 684 returned alive (5), including 591 who were freed in 1973 as a result of the Paris Peace Accords (6). In a reanalysis of the data in 2003, researchers with VA's National Center for PTSD found that, contrary to the initial analysis of the NVVRS data, a large majority of Vietnam Veterans struggled with chronic PTSD symptoms, with four of five reporting recent symptoms when interviewed 20 to 25 years after their Vietnam service. The five-year study looked at the lifetime and current incidence of conditions in women Vietnam-era Veterans, including PTSD, depression, diabetes, heart disease, and disability. Case, played by Glenn Corbett, was introduced in 1963, long before the major U.S. buildup in Vietnam. They helped develop many of the debriefing techniques that are now used for traumatized populations from all walks of life. In the study, formally called the Air Force Health Study (AFHS), Veterans who participated in the operation gave biospecimens such as serum, urine, adipose tissue, and semen, as did a comparison group of Air Force personnel who served in Southeast Asia at the time but were not involved in herbicide spraying operations. Depression and anxiety in older VeteransIn 2014, a team from the VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine examined data on 7,000 men age 50 or older, and found that on the whole, Veterans were no more likely than non-Veterans to have depression or anxiety. According to the American War Library, as of February 28, 2019, it is estimated that approximately 610,000 Americans who served in land forces during the Vietnam War or in air missions over Vietnam between 1954 and 1975 are still alive to this day. In addition, men who had been exposed to Agent Orange tended to be about five years younger at the time of biopsy than non-exposed Veterans. The military of Canada did not officially participate in the war effort, as it was appointed to the UN truce commissions and thus had to remain officially neutral in the conflict. [18] The military collaboration at Cam Ranh Base was continued by the later government of Russia until 2002.[19]. There are still, however, many proven cases of individuals who have suffered psychological damage from their time in Vietnam. Also, those serving in special units departing for a tough, long mission were injected with steroids. Vietnam Veterans who reported more killing experiences had twice the odds of suicidal ideation, compared to those with fewer or no killing experiences, even after adjustments for demographic variables, PTSD, depression, substance use disorders, and combat exposure. Jason Mack/Laredo Morning Times. VE-HEROeS studyThe Vietnam Era Health Retrospective Observational Study (VE-HEROeS) is a large-scale nationwide study that will assess the health and well-being of Vietnam-era Veterans and compare their health to that of their U.S. counterparts who did not serve in the military. An overwhelming number are buried by family and friends. As of September 30, 2011, there are about 1,981,000 living veterans of World War II, a war that more than 4 . The veterans who started working in the early Vet Centers eventually began to reach out and serve World War II and Korean vets as well, many of whom had suppressed their traumas or had self-medicated for years. Although it was initially formed to address questions about the long-term health effects of service in Vietnam, it has evolved into a resource for genetic studies of mental and physical health conditions. Only men with lighter skin types were involved in the study. Banned User wrote: G, Your going it make to 90. The survey has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses across the United States and Puerto Rico, and includes both housing units and group quarters. Browse our collection of stories and more. They also determined the link between killing and actually attempting suicide was not as significant as the link between killing and suicidal thoughts. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in a third of the Veterans. (1970) in which vet Robert De Niro films pornographic home movies before deciding to become an urban guerrilla, The Strangers in 7A where a team of former paratroopers blow up a bank and threaten to blow up a residential apartment building, The Hard Ride (1971) and Welcome Home, Soldier Boys (1972) in which returning vets are met with incomprehension and violence. John Yates used to be involved with local veterans organizations. However, the NVVRS also revealed that a substantial minority of Vietnam-era Veterans were suffering from a variety of psychological problems such as PTSD, and were experiencing a wide range of life-adjustment problems, such as marital trouble and work difficulties. The Air Force's final report on these surveys was issued in 2005. However, Vietnam Veterans were twice as likely than Veterans of other eras to have elevated depression and anxiety. ", This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 15:49. Yielding to the inalterable process of aging, the men and women who fought and won the great conflict are now in their 90s or older. [22], The Vietnam veteran has been depicted in fiction and film of variable quality. VA researchers have long recognized the importance of gathering reliable and generalizable information on Vietnam Veterans and those who served during the Vietnam era, in order to inform health care policies and practices. Soldiers embarking on long-range reconnaissance missions or ambushes, according to standard military instruction, were supposed to be given 20 milligrams of dextroamphetamine for 48 hours of combat readiness. Goldberg J, Magruder KM, Forsberg CW, Kazis LE, Ustun TB, Friedman MJ, Litz BT, Vaccarino V, Heagerty PJ, Gleason TC, Huang GD, Smith NL. Among women nurses deployed to Vietnam, the effects of warzone stress many years earlier on current functioning and well-being are both direct and indirect, mediated by PTSD symptoms. Bleaker in tone are such films as Hi, Mom! Even though the role of PHILCAG-V was humanitarian, 9 personnel were killed and 64 wounded[13] throughout their 40-month stay through sniper attacks, land mines, and booby traps. Women make up a growing share of veterans. Training Program, Federal-wide Research Performance Progress Report, Selected Major Accomplishments in VA Research, Selected Scientific Articles by Our Researchers, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, Vietnam Era Health Retrospective Observational Study, Army Chemical Corps Vietnam-Era Veterans Health Study, Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft, HealthVIEWS: Health of Vietnam Era Women's Study, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Heart-mind mystery: Unraveling the link between PTSD and heart disease, Vietnam Veterans to take part in nationwide Alzheimer's study, Study: Depression, anxiety rates roughly equal among older Vets, non-Vets, Brain damage from high blood pressure starts early, Vietnam era and Vietnam combat Veterans among the homeless, Servicemembers and veterans with major traumatic limb loss from Vietnam War and OIF/OEF conflicts: survey methods, participants, and summary findings, Exaggerated activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive interference: a monozygotic twin study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Also in 1967 a military medical team consisting of RNZAF, RNZN, and RNZAMC medical staff arrived and remained until 1971. The Vietnam War was the nation's longest and costliest conflict of the Cold War. Description of a study that is a first step toward the design and statistical powering of an Alzheimer's disease prevention trial using at-risk Veterans as subjects. phentermine prescribing guidelines ohio, richard kiel happy gilmore, make my email sound professional generator,
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