Vaccines are given at the hatchery on the day of hatch. In addition to the vaccine, good ventilation and air quality will help preserve a flock's respiratory tracts. Corid (Amprolium) is a vitamin B1 (thiamine) blocker for the treatment of coccidiosis. Find out what is wrong with the Sick Chicken Symptom Checker. Small Pet Vitamins & Minerals Shop All. Splay leg occurs when the incubator or brooder floor is too slippery for a newly hatched chick. Chronic Fowl cholera is more common in chickens. When a respiratory disease shows up in a flock, it hits hard and fast. In Drinking Water. Also, if the bird has a disease that could be transmitted to humans, keeping it in the house isnt the best idea. These type A viruses have been around for hundreds of years and evolved into many different strains. Raising backyard poultry is a fun and fulfilling hobby. This moisture MUST have a way to exit the coop. dropper bottle contains about 900 drops to treat one eye colds. Avian Coccidiosis. The treatment for the backyard flock chicken keeper is easy: Get some Corid from the feed store or online and follow the directions on the bottle. It is in the best interest of the bird to find out which of these is causing the respiratory distress in your bird so that you can properly treat it. Large combs, wattles, and toes are most susceptible. Have you added any new birds in the last three months? If a sick chicken or wild bird drinks from the waterer, it leaves behind pathogenic organisms in the water, spreading to other flock members. The different strains basically result in two forms of cholera, acute and chronic. If the infection is too severe the bird may be beyond treatment and should be culled to prevent further infection of your flock. Because they are at the bottom of the food chain, birds are experts at hiding illnesses. Finding that you have a sick chicken is very stressful. When these vitamins are lacking, the growth plates in the legs become damaged, allowing the gastrocnemius tendon to slip out of placement. Effective reliefs for colds, roup, scaly legs, and eye worm and as a conditioner for show preparations. This infectious disease strikes most often in adult chickens. Either way,it's good to know that CORID (amprolium) can prevent costly coccidial infection in exposed cattle and treat clinical outbreaks when they do occur. Chicken Respiratory Illnesses. An ear infection or mites could cause head shaking and scratching. Keep in mind that the disease will most likely reoccur when treatment is stopped. . Emergencies / Diseases / Injuries and Cures, https://www.backyardchickens.com/articles/worming.54249/. Respiratory tract infections occur commonly in birds and can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. VetRx is a homeopathic liquid made of 3.3% Alcohol, Canada Balsam, Camphor, Oil Origanum, and Oil Rosemary, blended in a corn base. Broilers are more likely to develop ascites because of their high metabolism and oxygen demand, but laying hens are also susceptible. As you quietly observe the chicken, record your answers the following: Once you have finished your observation, it is time for a hands on exam. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. They cause significant damage to the animals, and flystrike often leads to secondary infections, sepsis, or toxemia. Corid kills both the good and bad bacteria in the gut. However, only molds and yeasts can cause respiratory infections. Temperature over 95 degrees Fahrenheit can be fatal to adult chickens. 5. Others may lose weight, have a blue head, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, joint swelling, or wry neck. This treatment plan aids in preventing Coccidiosis infection in chickens. There are very few vets that will see chickens and even fewer that specialize in birds. Broiler production managers reported a decrease in infectious disease after switching to nipple drinkers. However, when chickens are faced with an ailment like coccidiosis, intestinal worms, mycotoxicosis, infectious bursal disease, chicken anemia virus, Mareks disease, or salmonella infection, the Clostridium perfringens can attach to the intestines and cause significant damage. Even if the bird is moved to a nonslip floor, it will not be able to stand up. What are clinical signs? Clostridium perfringens is a bacteria typically found in the gut and the soil, feed, and used poultry litter. The type that affects birds is called type A. Dont wear shoes inside the home that have been in the chicken coop or yard, Dont eat or drink while in the chicken coop, Dont kiss, snuggle, or have chickens near your face, Clean chicken water containers and food dishes outside, not in the kitchen, Wear gloves and eye protection when handling sick birds or treating bumblefoot. You are more likely to contract things like pinkeye or ringworm from your birds than you are the bird flu. In wet fowl pox, birds will have lesions inside their mouth. Your email address will not be published. $372.90. If so, were they quarantined? Preventative measures can be taken such as not bringing outside birds onto the property and properly cleaning and disinfecting all areas. These open water containers serve as a breeding ground for disease and germs. Listlessness, lethargy, diarrhea, noisy breathing, cyanosis, and abnormal behaviors should be causefor concern. When adding new birds to your flock, they must be quarantined for at least 30 days before introducing them to your existing flock. Symptoms are something that is felt or experienced but is not necessarily seen. The most common signs of infectious coryza are: The most distinct symptom is a foul-smelling odor coming from the chickens head. The best thing you can do as a steward of your flock is to practice good bio security measures. Wild waterfowl and shorebirds spread avian influenza. Wounds and traumatic injuries can result from predator attacks, rooster spurs, fights, cannibalism, and accidents. For predator fencing, stick to a welded wire fence, hog panels, chainlink, or hardware cloth. Coccidiosis is a common, and sometimes deadly, intestinal disease caused by a parasitic organism that attaches itself to a chicken's intestinal lining. Removing excess poop is best for hygiene and moisture control. During this time, the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp in poultry and humans was increasing. After the flock has been vaccinated, they must be revaccinated two times per year. If you have not looked to see if a veterinarian in your area accepts chickens, please do so now. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Following the advice of my vet, I treated my flock with 9.5cc of liquid amprolium (brand name Corid) per gallon of water for 4 days. Have they been given any recent medication or supplements? This is not to be confused with bullying, fighting, or establishing pecking orders. It seems to be isolated only to chickens and does not affect other species of birds. Fresh eggs should be washed with warm water, refrigerated eggs with cold water. When coexisting infections complicate the disease, the . Chickens with more severe cases of coccidiosis may stop laying while they are sick. Dosage of Corid for Chickens (prevention and treatment of mild and severe infections) Give the preventative dose for 1-2 weeks after a 5-day treatment. Today the sale, and more specifically, the use of commercially available medications for poultry are more controlled. When one chicken is diagnosed with cocci, the entire flock must be treated. Is the bird a new member of the flock or an existing member? For example: give two teaspoons per gallon for the first five days and then half a teaspoon for the next 7 to 14 days. Product name. Disclaimer: While I do have many years of emergency medical experience, I am not a veterinarian. A dust bath for chickens is like a shower for us. Raising chickens can also attract rodents and mosquitoes. 5-day treatment: For treating the chickens suffering for Coccidiosis you need to give the Corid dosage to the chickens for five consecutive days. Recent Outbreaks. To help you figure out the underlying problem, we created a Sick Chicken Symptom Checker. Several diseases and ailments affect the skin and nails, including mites, lice, ticks, frostbite, and favus. While wild birds will not typically show signs of the disease, they can spread the virus amongst themselves and other species. Do not consume eggs from chickens that are being treated with medicated feed. Coccidiosis is a protozoan parasite (microscopic single-cell bug). Water hygiene is essential to control not only Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and any other respiratory disease. Infectious coryza is not transmitted through the egg, so hatching eggs from infected birds is fine as long as you are not introducing the chicks into an infected environment. Birds that recover from the disease will always be carriers and can infect other chickens in your flock. Birds may survive the acute form of fowl cholera only to eventually die of emaciation and dehydration, or become chronic. . The virus causes enlarged nerves, which results in correlating symptoms. Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, rattling, and sometimes facial swelling in chicks. Treatment. A complete head to toe checklist of the things to look for when a chicken is sick is available in the Backyard Chicken Health Guide: Diagnosis & Treatment ebook. During this time, the new birds can be monitored for any illnesses, and treated as needed. Chickens with nectoric enteritis may have diarrhea, appear ill, or have sudden death. Coryza is the medical term for the common cold - however, in chickens, it is generally more serious than a human common cold. No products are approved for use with egg-laying hens. However, it may help your chickens feel better and heal faster. This includes any feeders and waterers theyve used. Disease: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), a common virus, mostly found north of Taupo. Chickens pick up respiratory infections from several sources, including improper coop ventilation, disease spread from wild birds, and the introduction of nonquarantined flockmates, to name a few. Bumblefoot can be fatal if not treated quickly. Product name. Like Vicks, VetRx will not treat or cure any chicken illness. Necrotic enteritis is caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. A birds droppings can tell you a lot about what is going on inside their body. Keeping your birds healthy should be something you take seriously but knowing the difference between an errant sneeze and an acute onset of a respiratory infection in chickens will ease the nerves a bit. While that is what you can see, the disease may actually be damaging other parts of the body (like the liver) at the same time. Learn what supplies you need in a chicken first aid kit. Sometimes conjunctivitis swelling makes the eye of a bird looked dished, almost as if it had lost an eye. The house is not the best place for a sick chicken. Keep the coops as dry as possible with regular cleaning. It'd help tremendously! VetRx can be used with other natural remedies or medications to treat your bird. The eye infection will make the chickens have difficulty eating and drink. Clinical signs include decreased activity, nasal discharge, sneezing, and facial swelling. Improving Honey Bee Health For Backyard Beekeepers and Varroa Mite Treatment ft Dr. Dennis van Engelsdorp, 7 Ingredients For The Perfect Chicken Dust Bath. To make a dust bath, either dig a fresh hole in the ground or find a wide tub. Cannibalism is often fatal. Most avian forms of the flu are low pathogenic. Specifically seabirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl. Depending on the severity of fowl cholera, some birds may die before showing any symptoms. Mareks disease is a highly contagious poultry disease caused by a herpes virus. The face, comb, and wattles are vascular (they have a lot of little veins), so the condition of these surfaces give us an excellent gauge of how a chicken is circulating (moving blood) or saturating (absorbing oxygen). Respiratory infection in chickens is a serious concern, but many new flock owners tend to jump to conclusions every time a chicken sneezes. Dont talk to it or touch it. Signs of infection usually develop slowly and include difficulty breathing, coughing, sneezing, slight to severe abnormal breathing sounds, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, bubbles in eyes, swelling around the eyes, weight loss, decreased egg production, decreased appetite. (2011). It may have pale skin, or stand in one spot with ruffled feathers. The flock you have is the flock youve got. Fowl cholera can be transmitted to humans. Start at the chickens head and work to the feet. Bumblefoot can also result from a poor nutritional diet or buildup of feces in the coop or run. Fowl cholera is a relatively common, highly contagious bacterial disease. You know what normal looks like because you see your chickens every day. Listeriosis is caused by the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. . CRD usually affects full-grown birds, causing them to produce fewer eggs, but doesnt typically cause death. Learn how your comment data is processed. Is the bird standing, physically unable to stand, or too weak to stand? They can look perfectly fine one minute and be dead a moment later. Disease: Gapeworm, a parasite that lodges in the throat. I also wrote a 350+ page Backyard Chicken Health Guide: Diagnosis & Treatment eBook that provides detailed information on how to examine a chicken, details about diseases, and extensive information on treatment options. Corid is not approved for . Essentially, anything that promotes bacterial growth in the GI tract, produces toxins, or slows the passage of feed through the small intestine could promote necrotic enteritis. Is anything else new or different within the last three months? The most commonly reported pathogens are gram-negative bacteria ( Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Citrobacter spp, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens ). A bird displaying this sort of sign is experiencing hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the tissues of the body). Quail tend to contract respiratory infections much more accessible than other types of poultry. Several diseases and ailments affect multiple body systems or can spread throughout the body. Chickens do this while trying to open their trachea so they can breath better. . Clean and disinfect holding areas between groups of cattle. The best way to avoid an outbreak of avian influenza is to practice good biosecurity measures and to suspend free-ranging your chickens if cases have been reported in your area. Our online directory Poultry Finder also has a growing list if veterinarians that treat chickens. Head shaking can be seen in many respiratory infections in chickens. Flies, specifically the Blow Fly (a metallic green or blue fly common in the summer months), are attracted to animal wounds, feces, and decaying tissue. As prey species that are pretty low on the food chain, birds will instinctively hide any signs of weakness. Some issues that may look like disease are actually behavioral problems. Medications Labeled for Pigeons. Rales isa common sign of respiratory infections in chickens. Laying hens usually do not have problems with their vascular system, while broilers are more susceptible. To achieve an adequately ventilated coop, install a few vents at the peak of the chicken coop. The use of closed (nipple) watering systems have decreased the occurrence of colibacillosis and condemnations for airsacculitis.. This will be approximately 1/4 of a tablespoon (1/2 tsp) or 0.5 fl oz. Keeping birds warm may also help in the recovery process. The infection can also target the respiratory tract and tonsils, causing breathing problems. If chickens are being housed in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions the low pathogen can potentially mutate and become a high pathogenic flu. If the disease is too far advanced the treatment may only prove to be effective during the administering period. Keeping your chickens living environment clean and sanitary can help keep your chickens healthy. Does anything else look unusual or different? There are some things you may not even think about when it comes to keeping your chickens healthy. Raising perches should stop chickens from sleeping (and pooping) in the nest boxes. Does the pecking order of chickens change? Medicated feed should be fed only to chicks. Usually, a clear bubbling fluid can be seen near the corners of the eyes, or an oozing fluid will flow from the nares (nostrils). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. These pests are introduced to the flock by infested chicken coops (purchased used), infested chickens, contaminated surfaces, or wild birds. Add 2 tsp of the liquid form or 1 1/2 tsp of the powdered form of Corid to each gallon of water. A properly built chicken coop can significantly reduce: One of the most overlooked necessities of a chicken coop is adequate ventilation. The chances of them contracting the disease increase in cold temperatures and in coops with poor ventilation. Can you look for any watery eye, bubbles in an eye, swelling around an eye, sneeze or crackles when she breathes? If a bird dies due to illness you may want to take them to a state lab to have them necropsied. Is the bird alert to its surroundings or seem drowsy and unengaged? Regrettably, diarrhea in chickens can have many causes - both primary gastrointestinal such as enteritis (inflammation of the intestines) due to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral infections, or toxins; liver disease; heavy metal intoxications; intestinal foreign body; change in diet, and disorders outside the gastrointestinal tract but which affect it - respiratory infectious agents . The Trichomonosis parasite has been shown to survive at least 2 hours and potentially up to 24 hours in water. A zoonotic disease can be transmitted from a chicken to a human. Coccidiosis is one of the most commonly encountered diseases of chickens that can be effectively managed by Corid use. There are also subtle signs that a chicken may not be feeling well. 20% powder - Mix 1/2 teaspoon powder with 2 teaspoons water. If your chicks show signs of coccidiosis, you want to treat them immediately. Chickens that have ulcerative enteritis may not show any signs other than sudden death. Regardless, introducing a sick bird into your flock can be devastating. Try to remain calm as you go through the process of examining your bird and diagnosing the problem. Some ailments are age specific. The dosage for Corid 20% Soluble Powder is 1/2 teaspoon per gallon of water. Other symptoms include discharge from the nose, sneezing, coughing, and in really serious cases airsacculitis (infection of the air sacs). It can cause sudden death with no other signs of infection. The high pathogenic form of the bird flu can spread fast and be deadly. These pests can usually be seen on the chickens skin or in their feathers. Thoroughly clean and disinfect any areas where sick birds have been. Chickens that survive will become carriers. These people can guide you with the proper diagnosis and treatment recommendations for respiratory infection in chickens. Chickens pick up respiratory infections from several sources, including improper coop ventilation, disease spread from wild birds, and the introduction of nonquarantined flockmates, to name a few. Use the Sick Chicken Symptom Checker to find out what is wrong with your bird. Treatment for birds with gapeworm consists of a round of Flubendazole or by applying Ivermectin pour on topically to your bird. It is caused by fast-acting blood poisoning from bacterial toxins. CORID is easy to use as a drench, mixed in the drinking water, and in-feed formulation 1, and its . There is usually some confusion on whether or not you should order vaccinated chicks from a hatchery. It should not be given as it is, rather first mixed in water and given to the chicken in a certain amount. Respiratory infections can happen depending on how quail are raised. Raccoons and coyotes can easily rip through chicken wire. As a flock owner, observation is a critical tool in keeping your birds healthy. Birds should be wormed twice a year: Spring and Fall. The human flu cannot be resolved with antibiotics, because its a virus. A chicken first aid kit is a necessity to have on hand and stocked with the supplies needed to treat a variety of illnesses and injuries. Once you smell it you will never forget it. For internal and external application. Does Tractor Supply have antibiotics for chickens? So, when it comes to chickens, we have to observe the clinical signs of illness, because they cannot tell us their symptoms. It is important to know if a vet is even within the realm of possibilities for you, in the event you decide that your chicken is faced with an illness or injury that you dont feel comfortable treating on your own. More importantly; antibiotics are useless against viruses. Frostbite is permanent tissue damage caused by cold and humid temperatures. Clean feces from feed bunks before each feeding. While MS can occur at any time of the year, it is most common in the cold, damp season or whenever litter is wet. Avian influenza is a viral infection that can generally be classified as low pathogenic (causing few symptoms, including respiratory disease) or high pathogenic (causing severe systemic disease). Information in this post was gathered from veterinary manuals listed in the sources section below. Many of these respiratory infections in chickens present in one of two ways; highly pathogenic and low pathogenic, or high-path and low-path for short. However, not all research on Apple cider vinegar reported positive findings, and some had conflicting results. The Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) from the FDA requires that flock owners seek a prescription from a veterinarian before administering anything beyond your usual coccidiostat(medicated chick starter) or anti-parasite medications. Today well look at respiratory diseases in chickens, what causes them, how you can take steps to avoid them, and how to treat them. There's plenty of reading to do on the subject if you want to research it more, I would highly . Obviously, chickens cannot tell you what they are feeling, so we must look at them and make an educated guess on how they are feeling by the way that they look. The affected leg becomes worse over time and will eventually cause pain. At a minimum, all coops and runs should have a secure roof, predator proof door, and a skirt to stop digging predators. To measure a teaspoon, use your index finger to pull down the side of the spoon and hold it at this measurement. Treatment for wounds entails gentle cleaning, applying an antibiotic ointment, and covering the wound to keep it moist. Gasping usually accompanies rales, but not always. Antibiotics: Corid (amprolium): for coccidia. Eyes bubble with mucus, or blink shut with exhaustion . A sick bird may not eat or drink at all, or may eat and drink more than normal. It is caused by several different orthomyxoviruses which are the same type of viruses that affect mammals. It is also common in turkeys, pigeons, doves, and birds of prey. Birds with ascites will have a large, swollen abdomen that is squishy like a water balloon. Is the bird twitching, shaking, or convulsing? The diseases and ailments listed here did not fit into any of the other categories listed. 28 February, 2023 . A shallow pan of bleach water generally does the trick. Small Pet Skin & Coat Health Shop All. Corid for Chickens (Amprolium 9.6%) is an oral drench solution used to aid in the treatment and prevention of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria bovis and E. zurnii in calves, ducks, chickens and other animals. Much like when humans get sick, the signs of a sick chicken will vary depending on what is wrong. I brought home a bottle of Corid today as it has been out of stock for quite some time. You may not know where to even start in helping your bird feel better. If you want new chickens, an entirely new flock should be purchased (all in), and all of the existing flock should be rehomed to the same place (all out). Chickens that continue to lay will produce eggs that are safe to eat. In contrast to the acute form of fowl cholera, chronic cholera develops slowly and invades specific body parts. In adult birds, appetite decrease and a drop in egg production are the biggest indicators. Reputable breeders and hatcheries understand the importance of healthy, disease free birds. Birds with Avian Influenza will often have difficulty breathing, sneezing, coughing, blue head, and other typical signs of respiratory infection. What Does a Chicken Coop Need for Winter? Keeping backyard poultry (chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and turkeys) is becoming more popular. Make sure that these vents are HIGHER than your chickens roost, at the highest point possible. Exhibition, Genetics, & Breeding to the SOP. It can be mixed in the water and is used for 3-5 days for effective treatment. Youll need to treat with antibiotics via drinking water. The formula has been unchanged since 1874. Dont confuse conjunctivitis with facial swelling, as conjunctivitis on its own only causes the area immediately around the eye to swell, not the entire face. The chickens will take care of the rest. Thank you for your comment Amy! One way of treating chickens diagnosed with Coccidiosis is by giving them a corid dosage for five consecutive days. Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)- virus, Respiratory disease complex- multiple infections at once, Chlortetracycline (calcium)- tetracycline antibiotic, Chlortetracycline- tetracycline based broad-spectrum antibiotic, Erythromycin thiocyanate- erythromycin based broad-spectrum antibiotic, Hygromycin B- aids in the control intestinal parasites, Fenbendazole (only Safe-Guard AquaSol)- treats worms. NEVER use chicken wire for predator protection. While they can be treated, treatment options are specific to the type of parasite. There are several types of respiratory diseases that plague chickens. Treatment usually proceeds for 7 days, though sick chickens often show improvement in as little as 24 hours. These studies found that raw pumpkin seeds do not eliminate worms or treat active infections. The doctor cannot see your body aches, even though you feel them. The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens is a highly contagious disease that affects the upper respiratory tract and female reproductive tract. The disease is called gape or the gapes because the chicken constantly gapes its mouth open to take in air. Not allowing outsiders to come in direct contact with your birds. Coccidiosis is then spread to other birds through oocytes (Eimeria egg cells) in their droppings. Its easy for a layperson to incorrectly diagnose them, so if you see sick birds in your flock, seek the professional opinion of a veterinarian, preferably an avian vet, or even better; a poultry vet. Visitors and wild animals (like birds and rodents) can spread diseases to your flock. Diagnosis is based on PCR assay, bacterial culture, or production of typical clinical signs in susceptible chickens following inoculation . Keeping your birds healthy should be something you take seriously but knowing the difference between an errant sneeze and an acute onset of a respiratory infection in chickens will ease the nerves a bit. Blood spatter from birds shaking their head is a hallmark of infectious laryngotracheitis. This program has since expanded the scope of diseases to include . The first sign is usually a blue or purple head, difficulty walking (lameness), and a tendency to sit. Because it is not nearly as dire as the acute form, it is sometimes referred to as mild fowl cholera. Check the skin under the feathers, under the wings, and inside the mouth. Chicks can also be vaccinated in the hatchery, which protects them from other diseases. April 12, 2012. Because these are not FDA approved, they should not be used in laying hen or meat birds. Cyanosis is a bluish or purple coloring of the skin. For example, splay leg only affects young birds in the incubator or brooder, while salpingitis only happens in laying hens. In most cases, diseases are transmitted to humans by inhaling contaminated feces dust, respiratory aerosols, or ingesting food or water contaminated by feces. Find your local necropsy lab here. Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and was banned for use in laying hens by the FDA in 2005. Age: 6 weeks onwards. There are four paired air sacs (cervical, cranial and . Im going to go watch her now to see if I can get a better description of symptoms. Chick. There is a vaccination for infectious coryza, but it should only be used to prevent future outbreaks once coryza has been diagnosed in the flock. 2023, Countryside - All Rights Reserved, Ask the Expert December 2014/January 2015. However, they can significantly reduce the worm load. Pullorum primarily affects chicks. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. For example, fowl cholera often presents as a respiratory infection. Some of these lice and mites can bite humans, causing itching and irritation. It is most common in California and the southeast, although it can be found across the USA. The proper dosage for Corid powder is 1 teaspoon per gallon of drinking water. Vet-RX 2 oz bottle Used to treat respiratory problems; conditions combs & legs of show poultry. An important step in figuring out what is wrong with your sick chicken is by gathering information, observation, and performing a full body exam. CRD is spread through direct contact with an infected chicken or a bird that is a carrier. Swollen heads in a flock of chickens can be a symptom of many different diseases, so take into account the other signs youre observing to give you a better idea of which disease your bird(s) may have. Since Newcastle disease is caused by a virus there is no specific treatment. Source: Diseases of Poultry. Youll need to choose the correct medication for the worms you are trying to treat. When a chicken eats food off the ground in one of these higher concentration areas, they are more likely to contract illnesses and parasites.
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