It can be applied to just about anything made of metal, including firearms and knives, as well as car parts and tools. Stay up to date on all of our reviews, articles, sales, and giveaway winners! IMO guns fall into two categories for me, tools or collectors items. Congratulations, your account has been created. ).You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. Ive run the gun hard since then and still looks perfect. Cerakote is a super tough paint - once you get to shiny metal, you have NO protection. Nitride is a much better treatment. Be the first to write one: Write Review WebSavage Arms 57890 Impulse Elite Precision 6.5 PRC 7+1 26 Stainless Barrel Matte Black Nitride Rec Gray Cerakote Adjustable MDT ACC Aluminum Chassis Stock. 16 5.56 UPPER RECEIVER WITH 12 M-LOK RAIL, DARK GRAY CERAKOTE w/ GOLD CERAKOTE BARREL WITH BOLT CARRIER & CHARGING HANDLE. Touse this site, please allow Javascript in yourbrowser settings. Shipping Insurance and Signature Confirmation, http://jagerwerks.com/shipping-insurance-with-signature-confirmation/. CASCADE Cerakote/Blued/Veil Camo. Typically this "finish" has better wear resistance than Cerakote. Dimensional increase. Friction (leather or kydex) is not friendly to Cerakote in my experience. The nitride treatment in the bore is great, but if one wanted a traditional phosphate / Parkerized finish, can aluminum oxide media blast away enough of the nitride surface ? *There will be a flat $60 fee for ANY uppers not sent to use 100% stripped! Cerakote doesnt affect fatigue properties of aluminum alloys. You may not post anything that is remotely related to, or tangentially related to, sales, deals, trades of firearms, ammunition, or explosives Per Reddit's Policy r/Glocks, Press J to jump to the feed. Cerakote is an overlayer that prevents that. Manufacturer: CMMG; Model: Banshee MKGS *** *** YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTACTING YOUR Titanium nitrate is smoother than cerakote and last longer. The black surface from nitride is a byproduct. At 4,000 hours, the test was concluded and the Cerakoted items had yet to reach 3% red-rust. But to strip it off to do the other is a an exercise in removing something that is very, very good to replace it with something a little bit better. {{ itemJustAddedToCart.product.name }} It looked fine, but I really wanted to go with a Sniper Gray theme on this one. I do like a compact gun for in the woods, but in this case I want a longer barrel for use with magnum charges and long distance shooting. A forum community dedicated to Glock firearm owners and enthusiasts. If all swatches are IN STOCK it will ship in 1-3 business days via UPS overnight. WebCerakote Vs. Anodizing Blueing Corrosion High-Temp Powder Nitride PVD Teflon Xylan Resources. Do NOT ship the lower of the firearm as we are not transferring the firearm. Crescent Hawk, stealth gray cerakote, brown burlap micarta, black allen bolts, iron grip. It's actually my only pistol currently - so I carry it when its not by my bedside. This is going on a gun that will primarily be used as a sidearm during stalking bow-hunts, so both camouflage and corrosion resistance are concerns. Cerakotes high-temperature coatings are the ultimate solution for parts such as exhausts, headers, turbos and manifolds. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Belt clip can be positioned either side of sheath. Subscribe to our email list and get exclusive access to promotions, sales events and more! WebCMMG Banshee MK4 5.7x28mm 5" Barrel, Tungsten Gray Cerakote, Black Nitride Barrel Synthetic CMMG 6 Position RipBrace Black Polymer Grip, 40rd $ 1,309.59 CMMG Banshee MK57 5.7x28mm 5 Barrel, Black Cerakote, Black Nitride Barrel Synthetic CMMG 6 Position RipBrace Black Polymer Grip, 20rd For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Some anodizing processes release hexavalent chromium, which is a powerful carcinogen, into the environment. Finish Strong with Cerakote. Anyone have slide refinishing with either? Description. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. {{ itemJustAddedToCart.product.name }} WebBlast, prep, and cerakote your stripped upper any color. *There will be a flat $60 fee for ANY uppers not sent to use 100% stripped! You will have limited website functionality and not be able to place orders. A wonderful positive of anodized metal is its porosity lends to better paint or glue adhesion, so much so that some guns are anodized before a spray-on color coat is applied. WebBlast, prep, and cerakote your stripped upper any color. C. $745.00. Corrosion Test (ASTM B117) Cerakote 25.7K subscribers Subscribe Like Share 109K views 7 years ago See who Finishes Strong in this Corrosion Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. As the test went on, it took a whopping 1,206 hours to show any signs of corrosion. We'll also pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc. Nitride is harder as its a chemical surface conversion, however cerakote is one of the best at corrosion resistance and you have the option of colors. Omaha Outdoors is one such company, and as a bonus, they provide custom in-house colors you cant get anywhere else. Just 8 hours into the test, the barrel treated with Black Nitride Rust Proofing by CVA shows signs of corrosion. The unique formulation used for Cerakote ceramic They say diamonds are a girls best friend, but a gun owners friend is most definitely a firearm with an anodized finish. Nitride by a mile. When shipping slides for milling, SHIP SLIDES ONLY. Copyright 1996-2023 AR15.COM LLC. The nitriding process is different for S.S. versus non-S.S. WebDescription. The Traditions Performance Firearms barrel protected by Cerakote took 150x longer to show visible signs of corrosion than the barrel treated with Black Nitride Rust Proofing by CVA. Pretty typical surface treatment for stainless parts. JavaScript is disabled. Second Media Corp., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. G19 Gen 3, Black Stainless Slide, Breacher Slide Milling - Graphite Black Cerakote, G17 Gen 4, Alphawolf Slide, Covid Slide Milling with RMR and Front Of Optic Dovetail - Graphite Black Cerakote. I've seen graphite black match, but being cerakote it is more of a matte finish. Led, Would you agree that a nitride finish is hard enough that no additional grip for the paint would be gained by media blasting it? WebNote: This model features a stunning and intricate Wild Orchid Cerakote Finish, completed with a 4150 Black Nitride Barrel. Snipers Hide is a community of Snipers of all kinds, focusing on long range shooting, accuracy, and ballistics. In a salt spray corrosion test, Cerakote outperformed PVD/DLC. Who will finish strong in a corrosion test (ASTM B117) featuring two barrels? Cerakote over JavaScript is disabled. The barrel at the bottom of the screen is a 416-grade stainless steel barrel and has been factory treated with Black Nitride Rust Proofing by CVA, while the top barrel is mild steel, and has been factory finished with Cerakote ceramic coating protection by Traditions Performance Firearms. Cerakote is a Polymer-Ceramic Composite coating that can be applied to metals, plastics, polymers and wood. We put Cerakote Elite Blackout and Xylan coated bolts and hex nuts in the salt chamber to test who would finish strong against red-rust corrosion. Reply Quote. {{ itemJustAddedToCart.product.name }} I dont personally have experience with the AlTiN finish. Who will finish strong? This slide is available for slide swap, which will require you to send in a stripped OEM Gen 3 Glock 19 slide. So, the videos are good for a lab, not my holster. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Say Brown has built in an estimated $200 with profit on the total sales price for the initial Gen 4 that you are not getting if you buy the Black Nitrate upgrade. Very similar to TiAlN coating. Cerakote 23.9K subscribers Cerakote vs. Black Nitride. The Xylan coated items were pulled from chamber at 1,871 hours due to excessive corrosion. WebFree Shipping For orders over $500. WebThis BCA AR-10 complete .243 rifle length upper has a 20" Light-weight barrel with a black nitride finish, and features a 1:8 twist rate, with a rifle length gas system. Application and Training Documents Knowledge Base Catalyst Mixing Calculator Product Testing Videos; Order Today: 1-866-774-7628; View Cart Thought about switching to Kydex or some other type of holster that won't hold moisture right onto the pistol? We placed two barrels into the salt chamber to see which coating outperformed the other. The unique formulation used for Cerakote ceramic coating enhances a number of physical performance properties including abrasion/wear resistance, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, impact strength, and hardness. WebCMMG Banshee MK4 5.7x28mm 5" Barrel, Tungsten Gray Cerakote, Black Nitride Barrel Synthetic CMMG 6 Position RipBrace Black Polymer Grip, 40rd $ 1,309.59 CMMG Banshee MK57 5.7x28mm 5 Barrel, Black Cerakote, Black Nitride Barrel Synthetic CMMG 6 Position RipBrace Black Polymer Grip, 20rd The test begins now. I don't know the full consequence of using the wrong nitride process on different steels. It may not damage anything, but the full value of the nitride process must be compromised somehow or another. I feel like black nitrided parts are slicker and when you coat the slide and barrel the gun seems to feel alot smoother as well. It is a treatment that penetrates the metal and provides harness and corrosion protection even when worn shiny. 18:1, Cerakote is a Polymer-Ceramic Composite coating that can be applied to metals, plastics, polymers and wood. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).If you need to return an item, pleaseContact Uswith your order number and details about the product you would like to return. Using two identical bolt-action rifles as our test subject, there was one clear winner: Cerakote. As a result of a vapor deposition process, these coatings offer a tough, micro-thin surface with great lubricity. You may post anything as long as it is related to the Glock line of pistols, and you are not spamming our sub with your advertisements, sales, YouTube channel. Nitride is going to tolerate wear much better. Kalamazoo MI, 49009When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. With minimal holster time, the Cerakote wears off the sharp edges. DIAMONDBACK BARRELS DB15 .223/5.56, CHROME-MOLY, FREE FLOAT, 16, 4150, BLACK NITRIDE, 1:8 TWIST w/ GOLD CERAKOTE. over traditional contours. Color: Matte Black. You can also lightly buff the outside by hand with a piece of scotch bright as your prep. JavaScript is disabled. Unlike anodizing that is known for its drastic color inconsistencies, Cerakote colors are held to a consistency standard of a Delta E of 1 or less. Subscribe to our monthly Newsletter to receive firearm news, product discounts from your favorite Industry Partners, and more. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns8PkpYgHdA. Middlebranch Machine will do a slide for $85 I believe. Watch Head-To-Head Corrosion Testing & See Who Zero rust was observed on the Cerakoted items. It is slightly more effective at corrosion resistance than bluing but requires frequent oiling to retain this attribute. Each barrel was placed in the salt chamber and after just 8 hours the Nitride finish barrel began to show signs of corrosion. Nitride is much much better. Unlike a vehicle, a gun thats protected with the right finish retains resale value no matter how many miles youve got on it. One day they will all have to be sold or turned-over to a new care taker. Outdoor Hub, LLC (d/b/a Carbon Media Group), 30800 Telegraph Rd, Suite 1921, Bingham Farms, MI 48025 USA. Mack Bros Evo SS 27" barreled action 6cm chambered by Alamo Precision, WTS: Custom 5 40SW limited USPSA handgun. Webdiamondback barrels db15 .223/5.56,chrome-moly, free float, 16, 4150, black nitride, 1:8 twist w/ gold cerakote; db15 gold anodized forward assist assembly; db15 gold anodized charging handle; db15 flattop forged 7075 t6 aluminum upper w/ od green cerakote; db15 ccml 12 m-lok handguard w/ od green cerakote; db15 bolt carrier group ar15/m16 This slide is available for slide swap, which will require you to send in a stripped OEM Gen 4 G17 slide. Yes, Cerakote will adhere to a QPQ nitride/salt bath nitrided surface as long as the surface has been properly cleaned as is required for all Cerakote application. The slide is Clint Corbin brand. The Cerakote community cannot provide agood experience unless you enable Javascript. Cerakote over Nitride is a great option, but you have to sandblast the surface in order for the cerakote to adhere. I have seen some bad cerakote jobs. WebBuy CMMG BANSHEE 300 SERIES MKGS CG CHARCOAL GREEN CERAKOTE W/ BRAKE 5" BBL 9MM: GunBroker is the largest seller of Semi Auto Pistols Pistols Guns & Firearms All: 973433471 Black Nitride 4140 Chrome Moly Barrel; Firearm Specifications. WebProduct Description. JavaScript is disabled. WebCerakote is a very durable, high-tech coating that protects military firearms and aircraft components. WebDescription. Swatches are aluminum panels sprayed with Cerakote for DEMONSTRATION AND COLOR REPRESENTATION PURPOSES ONLY. WebCerakote vs. Nitride The Corrosion Resistance King In a head-to-head test, Cerakote was put up against Nitride in a salt chamber to see which would be the most corrosion None (unless you parkerized underneath it). My Kahr ST9 was factory Cerakoted. My holster is Kydex. Just received my Slide for my Glock 19 back from Jagerwerks, they did an amazing job, it made my gun look new, expert quality and customer service, it took a little while, but that's everywhere during these times, but it was more than worth the wait especially for the price, will be definitely sending them all my custom firearm needs. If NONE is chosen there is potentially an issue for rust and corrosion to develop on the slide. Pretty stoked to see how it turns out. Yes but you will need to blast the exterior first. We put Cerakote heads-up against common finishes found in a variety of industries. I went ahead with black nitride, which is close to the stock finish. The Traditions Performance Firearms barrel protected by Cerakote took 150x longer This transformation gives treated steel some corrosion protection but requires frequent oiling to keep rust at bay. Who provides a slide coating similar to Glock's nDLC or nickel boron? The MKGS Banshee 300 in 9mm Luger has forged upper and lower 7075-T6 aluminum receivers. Belt clip can be positioned either side of sheath. Thank you for the suggestion on the mountain rifle. The DLC will look sorta charcoal colored and after being touched, rubbed, and handled for a while it will work its way to a semi gloss black. Mask whatever you don't want colored. Looks fantastic, as though it came from the factory that way. Please enable cookies to experience the full potential of Cerakote. Its low-friction and diffuses heat well, so it is perfect for intricate parts found in internal firearm components such as bolt carrier groups. Welcome to Glocks, For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. You may not post anything that is remotely related to, or tangentially related to, sales, deals, trades of firearms, ammunition, or explosives Per Reddit's Policy r/Glocks, Press J to jump to the feed. GunKote is an epoxy system that has been on. AR15.Com reserves the right to overwrite or replace any affiliate, commercial, or monetizable links, posted by users, with our own. WebNitrite, but wait until next week they have Black Friday deals for RMR cut $80 and black nitrite for $20. E Yes. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Sign up for the ARFCOM weekly newsletter and be entered to win a free ARFCOM membership. It quickly became one of my favorites. The Traditions Performance Firearms barrel protected by Cerakote took 150x longer to Web12" overall, 2.5" blade edge, 6 width, 2 spike, .21 thickness, s35vn American steel, cerakote finish, pry bar Includes suede lined black kydex sheath with double belt loops. Retail: $154.99 $144.99. Choose Options Compare . I opted for the black nitride last year. No, it should not since the original nitration process on stock Glock slides permitted the metal Web267K views, 5K likes, 173 loves, 206 comments, 412 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Cerakote: Cerakote vs Black Nitride. I always think in terms of what a majority would see as their best investment in a used firearm. It has far better performance than the standard H-Series. Treated parts increase in size, so adjustments must be made to accommodate that result. It's preferred to prep the surface before cerakote application, which is some cases involves a media blast (walnut shell or baking soda blasting to rough up the surface) to help the coating adhere better. Middlebranch Machine will do a slide for $85 I believe. Its corrosion resistance was proven by passing 500-hour salt exposure tests, so its a finish that handles just about anything. DB15 FORWARD ASSIST ASSEMBLY, INCLUDES PAWL, {{ data.quantity.unit }}. At 540 hours, the Xylan coated items reached, per Cerakote Standard ASTM D610, 3% red-rust on the body of the bolts and were left in chamber for later comparison. Its also one of the least expensive finishes on the market, so if youre on a budget, and dont mind keeping oiling rags handy, this might be the ideal choice. Robar NP3+ is over $400, regular NP3 is like $330 I think. Cerakote does NOT detrimentally impact the fatigue properties of aluminum alloys while anodizing creates a brittle and porous oxide layer and tensile residual stress. WebCerakote vs. Black Nitride. Friction (leather or kydex) is not friendly to Cerakote in my experience. You may post anything as long as it is related to the Glock line of pistols, and you are not spamming our sub with your advertisements, sales, YouTube channel. Watch and see who wins: This is a corrosion test between two barrels from two leading firearm manufacturers. Color: Matte Black. Cerakote ceramic coatings utilize state-of-the-art technology to out-perform any competitive coating in both laboratory settings and real world applications. If you send in a slide that we do not offer milling for you will have to have it completely disassembled. WebThe barrel at the bottom of the screen is a 416-grade stainless steel barrel and has been factory treated with Black Nitride Rust Proofing by CVA, while the top barrel is mild steel, This finish is second only to diamonds in hardness. Black Nitride has been added as a finishing option for $350 on a new build and $550 for a refinish. Jagerwerks is not responsible for misuse and neglect of bare metal. WebDescription. Bluing of steel is a traditional way to protect firearms from corrosion while at the same time reducing glare. Application and Training Documents Knowledge Base Catalyst Mixing Calculator Product Testing Videos; Order Today: 1-866-774-7628; View Cart The Pike Arms Matte Black Cerakote Target Match Grade Complete Bolt Assembly for 10/22 style firearms is precision CNC machined and professionally hardened for drop-in installation and trouble free operation in your Pike Arms ELITE2 Series receivers as well as Ruger 10/22 based firearms. The purpose of coating is to protect the firearm from external hazards. This listing is for an Aftermarket Slide that Fits Glock 43 43x Models that is a Complete Upper. Can Cerakote be applied to a compensator that is finished in black nitride? 18:1, JW Camo (Burnt Bronze, Tungsten, Graphite Black) H-148, H-237, H-146. $60.00. A firearm is an investment. I went ahead and put in for nitride. The salt bath nitride ( generic term ) that i have is QPQ, or quench polish quench. A company named Jerger will Nitrate for around 50 bucks on a Glock slide and it looks and will wear like fact , Ceracoat will wear off quick on a hand gun . 18:1, JW Camo (OD Green, Tungsten, Graphite Black) H-236, H-237, H-146. Add to cart. Straight from canik-NEW Barrel and slide have an ultra-durable Nitride finish on Black Models and Cerakote-over-Nitride on the slide of Tungsten-Grey models. When seeking performance, looks and temperature stability, there is only one coating that stands on the podium for all three at once. AR15.COM is the world's largest firearm community and is a gathering place for firearm enthusiasts of all types. /unit Touse this site, please allow Javascript in yourbrowser settings. I hunt with a Christian mens group in KY early muzzleloader (this weekend) and we hunt over large open ag fields. KG Gunkote was developed for rigors of military use and is similar to other spray-on finishes in its capacity to protect against chemicals. I have been using KG Gunkote quite a bit lately and like it but it also wears in a kydex holster. KEY SPECS Manufacturer Great Lakes Firearms Caliber/Gauge .223 / 5.56 Action Semi Automatic Barrel Length 7.5 Condition New SKU # HGN-GLF-GL15223PORC SHOW MORE + Why Customers Bought This Questions & Answers Customer Photos & Videos The salt chamber is a controlled, corrosive environment that exposes test pieces to a heated saltwater vapor, accelerating corrosion. This can take up to two weeks. The trick is finding a coating that fits your lifestyle and personal tastes. One new winner* is announced every week! I think it may be a bit more glossy from what I've heard, but the gen 5 finish, imo, is way more glossy. The slide is Black Cerakote Coated. Regular price $750 Unit price / per . For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Choose Its an investment in both personal and financial security, as nothing else on earth can protect you in a moment of danger yet hold its value well into the future. This test video shows that when corrosion protection matters, Cerakote outlasts and outperforms, making it the obvious choice. Save Share. Blasting the black away won't remove the nitride treatment, just the black color. So dont worry about losing it externally. It is implied that the customer will have arrangements for coating of a slide if NONE is selected for color. We will respond quickly with instructions for how to return items from your order. {{ pricePerUnit }} I leave my pistol on a bedside cabinet 100% of the time it's not in my holster and I was noticing a fair bit of surface rusting - even with wiping down the pistol after handling it (it's been a humid summer). Middlebranch Machine will do a slide for $85 I believe. The Cerakote has to be stripped, as QPQ reacts to the metal surface. Is it necessary to media blast (aluminum oxide) an action that has a black iron nitride QPQ finish prior to applying Cerakote? When it comes to corrosion protection, there is one clear winner. Finally, Cerakote shows first signs of corrosion at 1,206 hours. Hope this helps. Come join the discussion about optics, gunsmithing, styles, reviews, troubleshooting, accessories, classifieds, and more! WebIt has a mil-spec, single-stage trigger, and ambidextrous charging handle, selector, and sling plate. You will have limited website functionality and not be able to place orders. Not as durable but also depends on who does the work and most importantly how the prep work is. As alluded to, there are different methods for nitriding at varying costs. I want the Metal to be fde, can I cerakote the exterior portion of the action and leave the interior nitride? That's not even a question to me. Plus it doesn't add any substantial We put Cerakote, as well as other leading finishes, up against the corrosion for the ultimate test. Nitride is a much better treatment. Environmentally, Cerakote does not contain any heavy metals and is VOC compliant in all 50 states. Cerakote is a Polymer-Ceramic composite that can be customized in a myriad of colors, offering excellent corrosion protection. I'm not a fan of black, so I might go this route and have Cerakote colors baked over top of Melonite. Rust was observed on both of the Teflon bolts after 24 hours in the salt fog chamber. Nitride is harder as its a chemical surface conversion, however cerakote is one of the best at corrosion resistance and you have the option of colors. Blast, prep, and cerakote your frame any color. Thanks to all for their replies/opinions. You are using an out of date browser. Dang, you must be in a pretty humid area. If all swatches are IN STOCK it will ship in 1-3 business days via UPS overnight. The Pike Arms Matte Black Cerakote Target Match Grade Complete Bolt Assembly for 10/22 style firearms is precision CNC machined and professionally hardened for drop-in installation and trouble free operation in your Pike Arms ELITE2 Series receivers as well as Ruger 10/22 based firearms. Colors can be customized to a certain extent, so it is a good choice for those who want a thin, durable finish paired with color. Or can it be cleaned and coated over it? Black Nitriding is a chemical process (in a salt bath) that infuses carbon and nitrogen into the metal, and the black color being a byproduct of the saturation of carbon. Cerakote is a Polymer-Ceramic composite that can be customized in a myriad of colors, offering excellent corrosion protection. The hardness & physical properties it gives go a shallow depth into the surface. However the only slide I could find available at the time was a Coyote Brown example directly from Sig Sauer. Returns PolicyYou may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. You must log in or register to reply here. WebNo it doesn't scratch any easier than graphite black. Last but not least on the bluing list is rust or fume bluing. What kind of holster are you running? WebFeather Light, arid frog cerakote, multicam G10, black allen bolts, hollow lanyard hole, iron grip. Banshee pistols feature a premium Cerakote finish on the receivers and handguard. Cerakote is GOOD, not as good as QPQ. It is achieved by an electrochemical reaction that changes iron to black oxide. We appreciate your business and patience during this time. As was stated above, QPQ is far more wear-resistant a finish than Cerakote, by a significant margin because it is a form of case hardening. DIY Pistol Kits: Bear Creek SIG P320 Compatible Barrel, 9MM, 4.7", Black Nitride, Fits Full Size P320/M17 + Live Free Armory LF320 Pro Slide w/ RMR Cut - Flat Dark Earth Cerakote 416 Stainless - For SIG P320 - $244.99 (FREE S/H over $120) Gun bluing will give you a classic blue-black look of a ravens wing when oiled but keeps you chained to oil cans for the life of the weapon. Web12" overall, 2.5" blade edge, 6 width, 2 spike, .21 thickness, s35vn American steel, cerakote finish, pry bar Includes suede lined black kydex sheath with double belt loops. I also talked to my GS for this build, a very renowned shooter and GS, and he said he's had ZERO problems with Nitrided actions and he recommended I go with the Nitride action over cerakote for my hunting rifle build on a Defiance action.
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